A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Essay Example

A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Essay Example A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Paper A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Paper Aside from the working techniques being finished by the Nivea Beiersdorf joint, the requirement for a productive examination of the advertising plans utilized the global firm is significant for the achievement of its tasks in the United Kingdom and Thailand. The two nations display an alternate arrangement of societies, just as a shifting exhibit of socioeconomics which significantly influences the STP methodologies being utilized by any organization who wishes to effectively enter the two markets (Kotler, 2003). Nivea Beiersdorf has its decent footing in Europe and infiltrating the British Market would not be that difficult given that the beautifying agents and way of life organization has been there for around sixty years. All things considered, the organization nearness in Thailand, given its very surprising socioeconomics than that of the UK, just as its exceptionally serious beauty care products market would act like a test in the situating technique of Nivea Beiersdorf (2007). The STP systems to be used for the two nations ought to be dissected with most extreme contemplations. These contemplations will thus fall under three fundamental parts: the concentrated, undifferentiated, and the separated techniques (Kotler, 2003). Concentrated Strategies Under this sort of promoting system, the organization, Nivea Beiersdorf needs to think its assets inside explicit market sections of the UK and Thailand (2006c). In view of this, the firm needs to figure out which fragment of the two distinct markets have the better need of market infiltration methodologies. In spite of the fact that Thailand has a grater need of advertising entrance methodologies since Nivea’s nearness there is later and the market development is progressively serious when contrasted with that of the British market, the concentrated procedure can be all the more effectively is utilized in the British market since the organization has been there for very long. Under this sort of showcasing system, rivalry is as of now perceived and little to medium-sized firms which offer a similar promoting blend like Marks and Spencer have the capacity to contend with the organization given that Nivea Beiersdorf was at that point ready to situate itself over the beauty care products advertise as a debut beautifying agents organization. Then again, the concentrated focusing on technique being utilized by Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK is more on the upkeep and improvement of the piece of the pie in the nation just as adapting up to the market development factors that are included (Kotler, 2003). Undifferentiated Strategies Alongside the current concentrated methodologies utilized by Nivea Beiesdorf in the UK and Thailand, under the undifferentiated procedure, the organization situating isn't abundantly removed earnestly in the UK from the effectively settled notoriety and is increasingly worried on the reserve funds that the organization could accomplish. Be that as it may, this objective showcasing methodology can be best utilized in the Thai market out of the elevated level of patriotism of local people towards their nearby items. Utilizing this particular procedure, Nivea needs to situate itself as a nearby brand yet of remote starting point. That is, Nivea should set up itself as an item that isn't entirely different from the nearby ones. This particular methodology is as of now being utilized by the organization to date with a nearby processing plant just as neighborhood workers being utilized. Along these lines, valuation for the results of the organization is improved and investment funds on pro moting can be utilized for different purposes. Despite the fact that, this kind of technique is increasingly helpless to rivalry, the perfect measure of organization cautiousness of the Thai socioeconomics must be painstakingly observed (Kotler, 2003). Separated Strategies Under this sort, the organization is creating a few kinds of items that would explicitly take into account the necessities of the distinctive market fragments present in the two nations. A particular case of this is the scope of items offered by Nivea beside the standard white cream up to sun tan salves, body showers, and so forth. The focusing on procedures being utilized here is an item dependent on the intensive examination of the segment factors that are available in the UK and Thailand. For instance, the British market is made out of a high grown-up showcase fragment with a high discretionary cashflow (2006b). The scope of items to be created for them suits the attributes of this specific space. On the Thai market then again, there are a great deal of the housewife portion with an average estimated salary who is fixated on having white skin, consequently, an alternate arrangement of item contributions should be made for them (2006a). Organization situating consequently can be di rected by the item contributions that will be used by the organization.

Texas Attorney General Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Texas Attorney General - Research Paper Example Secure control demonstrates that the court has submitted an adolescent into the safe adolescent restorative facility’s authority for term of a particular program that can run over a couple of months or numerous years. The confinement of adolescents doesn't mean to be correctional; rather, they get care that is predictable with that of the parent in the protected guardianship. The nearby locale or the state have the obligation of giving entertainment, advising, instruction, appraisal, wellbeing administrations and other required administrations in a youth’s support and prosperity in their guardianship. Reservations in the safe detainment are for the adolescents who represent a danger to the wellbeing of the general population. Status guilty parties like adolescents who are accused of liquor ownership or fleeing from home might be held for just 24 hours or less. There are five kinds of private projects in which adolescents are kept. These projects incorporate camps, detainment, amendments, private treatment and network based. The wide situation assortment alternatives are on the grounds that there is no uniform in these projects (Lissitz, Green, 1975). The young people should be concurred the suitable administrations either in constrainment offices or in the confinement places. The administrations accessible vary from the various offices however by and large, the administrations and projects gave are equipped towards the adolescent needs. The capacity of the offices is to restore the adolescent. The administration that offers essential restoration is instruction and it is obligatory to the confined youth (Marx, 1998). The adolescent offices that run schools, which are exceptionally compelling, give general equivalency confirmation planning, secondary school educational program, specialized curriculum and chances of professional preparing. The issues of significant worries in these focuses are incapability and congestion. The offices can make unsteadiness in regards to straightforward coordinations and become insecure and it becomes

How to Make a Paper Longer the Smart Way

How to Make a Paper Longer the Smart Way (36) Meeting an essay’s required page or word count can sometimes be a struggle, especially if you’re juggling multiple papers or exams. In a pinch, students often rely on tricks like increasing margin size or making their font slightly bigger. Though these tricks do increase page length, there are easier (and smarter) ways to write a longer, high-quality essay. Making a paper meet minimum word or page counts doesn’t have to be an agonizing processâ€"you can add length while also adding clarity and depth. Here are 10 tips on how you can write a longer and a smarter essay, even if the deadline is fast approaching: Tip #1: Look Back at Your Prompt/Rubric/etc. If you’ve been provided a comprehensive prompt or rubric for an essay, read it, and read it again. Think about the following: Did you answer all of the questions in the prompt? Did you provide supporting evidence to back up whatever claims you made? Did you leave out any information that might increase the reader’s understanding of your argument? Did you meet all requirements (besides length) for the paper? If the answer isn’t a decisive “yes” to every question on this list, go back and revise. Tip #2: Go Back Through Your Introduction and Conclusion Often times, ideas evolve while writing a paper. If the first thing you wrote was the introduction, go back and reread the first paragraph. You might decide that you left out key information that aids the reader in understanding your argument. When looking back on the conclusion, make sure you’ve both summarized the main points within the essay and provided your reader with a solution to consider. If you don’t feel you’ve done this, go back through and revise the paper. Tip #3: Have Someone Proofread Your Essay Even if you’re short on time ask a friend, sibling, or parent to read through your paper, specifically noting any points they find confusing. Then, go back and revise the parts that were unclear, adding in more information to provide readers with further clarity. You have a more comprehensive understanding of what you’re writing about than your reader, so having someone else look over your paper can be a helpful way to ensure that you haven’t missed any important details. Tip #4: Use Quotations Chances are, you have already used quotes in your paper. Quotations are a great way to enhance your argument while also driving up a paper’s word count, but don’t add quotes just for the sake of doing so. If you’re short on words, read through your source materials again to see if you’ve missed any valuable quotes. You can also do a little more research to see if there are any other sources you can add to provide the reader with more evidence toward your argument. Longer quotes aren’t necessarily better, but if you’re really in a bind, you might want to lengthen some of the quotes that are already included. Tip #5: Review Your Outline Did you make an outline to plan the essay when you first started? Go back through that initial outline and make sure you’ve hit all of your intended points. It’s possible that you’ve left out an important piece of your argument that would both increase page count and make for a better essay. Tip #6: Include More Transitional Phrases Graders often look for traditional words linking sentences to each other, like “therefore,” “even though”, and “on the other hand.” Read through your essay and make sure the sentences flow smoothly into each other. If they don’t, go back and add in transitional phrases like the ones listed above. Your writing will be easier to read, and you’ll get closer to the minimum page requirement in the process. Tip #7: Read Your Paper Out Loud This might sound like a silly tip, but when you read your paper out loud, you become increasingly aware of any grammatical or syntactical issues. When you rephrase sentences to fix these, you might end up increasing the paper length a bit. In the process of reading out loud, you also might realize that you didn’t include sufficient details within a particular paragraph. If that’s the case, go back in and add more to increase length. Tip #8: Take a Break From Your Essay You’ve probably been staring at your computer screen for hours, hoping words will magically pop into your head. Take a break. Eat a snack, go for a walk, or talk to a friend on the phone. You’ll come back to the essay with a fresh perspective after some time away, and you might have new ideas after you’ve had time away from your paper. Tip #9: Ask Your Instructor for Help Most teachers, teaching assistants, and professors are willing to look over papers for students before the final submission date. If there is still time, ask if you can make an appointment to go over your paper or head over to office hours. Your instructor might offer tips on how to better answer the prompt, and this in turn may also increase the word count of the paper. Tip #10: Use multiple examples to back up your argument If you’ve only used one source or anecdote to explain a given point, find a second source to provide additional evidence for the reader. This method will help drive up a paper’s word count while also providing further support for your argument. Although hitting a minimum page count can sometimes be challenging, you can do it the smart way by increasing the information you provide to the readerâ€"there’s no reason to resort to tricks like increasing line spacing or font size. If you’re really in a bind at the last minute, you might want to break up some of your paragraphs. This increases length while also making text more manageable for a reader. But after going through the tips on this list, your paper should be adequate in length without you having to even consider spacing.

Love In Sonnet 43 - 1089 Words

Compare the methods the poets use to explore the ideas about love in ‘Sonnet 43’ and ‘Sonnet 116’ In ‘Sonnet 43’ and ‘Sonnet 116’, both Browning and Shakespeare present love as eternal using biblical allusion. ‘Sonnet 43’ is a love letter to the speaker, who is the poet (Elizabeth Barrett Browning) to her beloved. The title suggests that this is her 43rd declaration of her love to her beloved which shows that the love she has for her beloved is so intense, that it inspired her to write numerous poems – her beloved was her muse. Browning introduces the poem using a question as she asks, ‘How do I love thee?’ which provides an assurance to her lover of her love as well as proving the sincerity of the speaker; she expresses a tone of euphoria†¦show more content†¦Both poets use metaphors in their poems. Browning’s uses of abstract nouns are perceptible as she uses abstract nouns to exhibit the extent of her love to her beloved. Their love is described to reaching the highest spiritual level of ‘the ends of Being and Ideal Grace’ –Ideal Grace is a common reference to God’s love which implies that she loves him to the limits of God’s love and it is beyond the physical and belongs to the realm of spirituality. Moreover, Browning uses abstract nouns to show that love is continuous and perhaps a sustenance as she declares, ‘I love thee with the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life!’ This insinuates that her love is almost a necessity as it has a strong hold over her; her love for her beloved is what makes her alive. Browning’s passion for her lover even in suffering, ‘I love thee with passion†¦ In my old griefs†¦ and with my childhood’s faith’ is displayed as she loves him with purity and innocence like a child who believes in saints. A child’s hope and faith is pure and innocent before they grow up and become cynical. Her ‘old griefs’ is referring to when she was grieving after her belov ed brother Edward drowned while on an enforced break with her in Torquay. Browning presents her husband as her saviours as he was known as the person to haveShow MoreRelatedSonnet 43 : How Do I Love Thee804 Words   |  4 PagesHeidi Fish Mrs. Holthaus Advanced Comp. 6 October 2017 Sonnet 43: How Do I Love Thee? â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† is just one of the many love poems that Elizabeth Browning had written in her lifetime. It expresses the unconditional love she has for her husband by listing the many ways she loves thee. Browning lists these ways by using a sonnet layout, many metaphors, and daily situations. There are many different poetry forms, one being a sonnet. It originates from the Italian word ‘sonetto’, whichRead MoreCompare the Ways Love Is Presented in Sonnet 43 and Ghazal1292 Words   |  6 PagesCompare the way love is presented in ‘Sonnet 43’ and ‘Ghazal’ Both poems, Sonnet 43 and Ghazal convey emotions and passionate feelings of love in different ways. Sonnets and Ghazals are poem that are meant to express strong feelings of love. Khalvati and Barrett Browning chose them to illustrate their loving feelings to their lovers. Barrett Browning does not correctly carry out all the rules of Sonnets in her poem which gives an effect that she would do anything for her lover and that thereRead MoreWhen I read Sonnet 43, How do I love thee? I was very impressed with it. I have read a lot of600 Words   |  3 Pages When I read Sonnet 43, How do I love thee? I was very impressed with it. I have read a lot of things about love, and I do know a lot about love as well. When reading it, I was very intrigued with how much the writer described their love for this person, and the depths they went to describe it as well. It is a true love from what I can read, especially from the lines I love thee to the depth and breadth and height, I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passionRead MoreExamine the Ways in Which Poets Portray the Experience of Love in 2 Poems That You Have Read. You May Wish to Explore the Types of Love, the Effects of Love and How the Poets Use Language and Structure.896 Words   |  4 PagesExamine the ways in which poets portray the experience of love in 2 poems that you have read. You may wish to explore the types of love, the effects of love and how the poets use language and structure. In Havisham and Sonnet 43 we are given a good idea of how two poets can have different opinions on the experience of love. Havishams experience of love is violent with dark implications of death â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard.† The plosive alliteration of B emphasises her hatred towards her ex andRead MoreDependency of Love954 Words   |  4 PagesLove is the ubiquitous force that drives all people in life. If people did not want, give, or receive love, they would never experience life because it is the force that completes a person. People rely on this seemingly absent force although it is ever-present. Elizabeth Barrett Browning is an influential poet who describes the necessity of love in her poems from her book Sonnets from the Portuguese. She writes about love based on her relationship with her husband. Her life is dependent on him, andRead MoreCompare Hour and Sonnet 431410 Words   |  6 PagesHigher English Paper Section A – Question 7 â€Å"Hour compared with Sonnet 43† Both poems are about love. Hour presents love as being times enemy, whereas, Sonnet 43 presents love as absolute and unconditional. Both poets see love as being precious and worth more than life itself. Barrett Browning shows love as lasting forever, but Duffy feels that love can’t last forever. Sonnet 43 is an old fashioned poem; you can see this from the form. It uses iambic pentameter which creates the feeling ofRead MorePablo Neruda and Love962 Words   |  4 PagesLove, to many people, is a very simple thing, an easy emotion, but to Neruda it is a whole different animal. While it brings pictures of pure joy and happiness, it conveys something that seems so strange and obscure to a normal perception. Neruda has a way of showing love more realistically compared to the fairy tale love that everyone thinks of. Throughout Neruda’s poems he defines love as something extremely complex that is unpredictable in its ways. He makes love seem very back-and-forth, as ifRead MoreCarol Ann Duffy Valentine1203 Words   |  5 Pageswill be exploring the use of language and imagery in the poem ‘Valentine’ by Carol Ann Duffy to emphasise certain emotions within the text. This poem refers to the dark side of love and relationships several times, for example; â€Å"I ts fierce kiss will stay on your lips.† This creates a different atmosphere to the stereotypical love poems, which are known for their mention of red roses and satin hearts. Although the title gives us an impression of a clichà ©-filled poem, as we continue reading, the poem seemsRead MoreEssay on Comparison Between the Great Gatsby and Ebb Sonnets1078 Words   |  5 Pagestexts ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F.Scott Fitzgerald and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning explore the ideas of aspirations and identity developing a deeper understanding of the texts. Both texts share these ideas through the characters and the values of idealism and hope, and personal voice and identity. Although the two texts are separated in time and context, they both reflect the world of the text and composer. ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ was written during the 19th CenturyRead MoreSonnet 431462 Words   |  6 PagesSonnet 43 (Sonnets From the Portuguese) BY Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace. I love thee to the level of every day’s Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee freely, as men strive for right; I love thee purely, as they turn from praise, I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with

4 Gratis Top-Quality Essay Resources to Produce a Reliable Paper

Essays are mandatory in colleges. In fact, you will have to write several of them for each of the subjects that make up your course. Professors use the essays to gauge the students’ understanding of the concepts taught in class, and the students are required to use their lecture notes, textbooks, and other research materials to deliver the best papers. Essays have a huge role to play in a student’s overall grades, and this makes taking the time to write the best essays very important. Essays, however, are not rated just on their relevance to the subject matter. Other aspects such as proper diction and the ability to communicate one’s ideas smoothly influence your score as well. To help you in this regard, here are 4 essay resources to help you produce academic papers of the highest quality. 1.   Longman An essay is basically a combination of words that communicate an idea. Getting your words right is, therefore, very important so as to ensure you communicate the ideas in your essay effectively. Using a word wrongly or using a wrong word all together can interfere with the quality of your essay, and this makes looking up the exact meaning of the words that you find difficult very important as you write your essay. Students can rely on Longman dictionary to get the exact meaning of the words and phrases they find challenging. Longman dictionary doesn’t just tell the meaning of a certain word or phrase, it explains how that word or phrase can be used in a sentence, and this helps a student to better structure their essays. 2.   Corpus This is another online resource that is helpful for students as they write their academic papers. Sometimes, a student is not sure whether he or she has used a particular word in the right way, and when this happens, you can check it with the help of corpus. Corpus has almost all the words that make up the English language, and you can use it to check the meaning and the right way to use these particular words in a sentence. 3.   Thesis Builder When writing academic papers, students are required to come up with strong thesis statements that summarize the entire essay. Your thesis statement should be powerful enough to capture that attention of the reader, your professor, in this case, and get them excited about the rest of the essay, and this online tool will help you produce great thesis statements for your essay. You have to provide the topic and supporting arguments to generate the statements. 4.   Citation Machine Students are required to support the arguments in their essays with relevant scholarly sources. The students are also required to cite these sources in a certain way. Finding the right references and citing them accordingly can be quite challenging, but with the help of this online resource, you can effectively provide the references for your essay. All a student needs to do is to provide the relevant parameters, and Citation Machine will generate the references on its own. You will get a poor score in your essays if you ignore little things such as the proper word usage and references. Use the above-mentioned tips to improve the quality of your academic papers.

Research Methods in Health and Social Care Free Essays

Research Methods in Health and Social Care Critical review of quantitative research Majid,S. Foo,S. Luyt,B. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods in Health and Social Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ahang,X. Theng,YL. Chang,YK. Mokhtar,IA. (2011) Adopting and evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: nurses’ perceptions, knowledge , and barriers. Journal of the Medical Library Association 99(3) PP229-236. This essay will be a critical review on the study conducted by Majid et al (2011). The article which is titled ‘Adopting evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: Nurses’ perceptions, knowledge, and barriers’. Investigates the attitudes of Singaporean nurses regarding; evidence based practise. The researchers wanted to identify how the nurses informed were about evidence base practice. They also wanted to identify how the nurses researched literature. Evidence based practise is about good practice and improving the quality of care, this is achieved through a combination of evidence and professional expertise, integrated into clinical practice (Baker, 2012). The study reveals that the majority of nurses working in public hospitals in Singapore have positive attitudes towards evidence based practice. Literature review A literature review is a complete study and understanding of research literature that researchers examine prior or during their research study (Aveyard, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011) looked at a wide range of literature within their research, it is imperative for researchers to look at numerous research related to their research topic to gain an insight on how they conducted their study and the conclusion that was identified from the study (Aveyard, 2010). Literature reviews should have a sufficient amount of studies considered. Majid, et al. (2011) looked at a total of twenty two studies, by reading a sufficient amount of studies this ensures that the researcher does not get a misleading picture of the topic (Aveyard,2012). The sources used within the literature were relatively old; these old sources may not be relevant to current times. Literature reviewed should not be more than five years old as attitudes and beliefs change frequently meaning the studies could not be relevant to current attitudes and beliefs (Godshall, 2010). Majid, et al. 2011) found from their literature search that the general view on evidence based practice was positive. This could question whether Majid, et al. (2011) conducted a systematic review of the literature as there was no mention of any research which found that nurses found a negative view on evidence based practice (Houser,2008). The studies mentioned in the literature at were not conducted within the southeast of Asia therefore Majid, et al. (2011) wanted to investigate attitudes towards evidence based practice from the southeast of Asia. This gives justification for the study as there have only been studies conducted in North America, Europe and other developed western countries. Majid, et al. (2011) wanted to compare the result from their study with the previous studies. Majid, et al. (2011) also discovered that most of the literature that was reviewed shared the same findings on barriers to evidence based practice. The healthcare professionals claimed that lack of time was the barrier to acception, adoption and implementation of evidence based practice. Majid, et al. 2011) in addition recognised that only a few studies that they researched had explored the literature searching skills of nurses Literature reviews should be systematically y reviewed to ensure that the research reviews are reliable (Graziano and Raulin, 2007). Majid, et al. (2011) did not state whether the studies that were looked at were systematically or peer reviewed. Approach and Methodology The study was a primary study however did look at survey instrument used by other previous evidence based practise studies. Majid, et al. (2011) used a quantitative method of research. Quantitative research methods require finding a variable for concepts, operationalising them in the study and measuring them (Grix, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011) study did this by using a survey questionnaire as a means of collecting data. The questions were compiled by a team comprising information studies faculty at the Nanyang Technological University and nursing representatives from the National University hospital. Making the questionnaire unbiased towards the researchers. Marczyk, et al. (2005) states that it is important for all research to not be biased towards the researchers. Quantitative research methods are objective as it uses measurements and analysis of statistical data to answer the study question. The researchers’ opinions do not affect the outcome of the study, ensuring that the study is unbiased. Another advantage is quantitative research uses numbers and statistics which is understood universally (Houser,2008). The researchers have clearly described how they implemented their research in the methods section; the study is easily replicable as it uses a survey questionnaire to collect data. However the research study would have been better if they used qualitative methods to find out the nurse’s perceptions, knowledge and barriers towards evidence based practice in clinical decision making. Majid, et al. (2011) could have interviewed some of the participants to get detailed descriptions of how they feel about evidence based practice in clinical decision making. This would allow the researches to get an in-depth understanding making the study more valid (Saris and Gallhofer, 2007). Quantitative research is best used for quantifying relationships between variables (Hopkins, 2008). The objective of the study was not to identify relationships between variables instead was to explore the attitudes, awareness and knowledge towards evidence based practice. Some could argue that making this study more suitable for a qualitative study. Quantitative research study should have a hypothesis (Maryann, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011), did not state a hypothesis for their study neither did they define a prediction of what they think was going to be the outcome of the research. Sample The samples used for the research conducted by Majid, et al. (2011) were registered nurses in 2 public hospitals in Singapore. The researchers made 2,100 copies of the questionnaires to be completed, however 1,486 were completed. The response rate was 70% ,for quantitative research a large sample size is essential to ensure that the study is statistically accurate (Houser, 2008). The fact that not all of the questionnaires were completed means that the study cannot be fully generalised as some people did not respond. Also some staff was on annual, medical or maternity leave therefore could not participate again making the study not generalised and potentially biased. Majid, et al. (2011) used two different hospital sites to collect data from; this is a good approach as the views on Evidence based practice may be different in the two hospitals, therefore allowing for a comparison of the hospital views. However this could be a negative as only two public hospitals in Singapore were used, therefore making the study hard to generalise to other hospitals in Southeast Asia. All research must follow ethical guidelines. Researchers must ensure that their research ensures confidentiality, anonymity, legality and professionalism (Grix, 2011). Majid, et al. (2011) had ethical approval from the Domain Specific Review Board, appointed by the National Healthcare Group. The researchers did not have consent forms for the participants; however the participants were made aware that by completing the questionnaire they were giving their consent. The nursing managers were briefed and asked to hand the questionnaires out. There is no evidence that the participants were given a briefing from the nursing managers maybe it could have been more ethical if Majid, et al. (2011) briefed the nurses themselves before asking them to complete the questionnaire. As the questionnaire was self administered the respondents may not have got the reassurance or debriefing needed ( Nosek, et al. 2002). Data collection Data collection must be appropriate, reliable and valid (Houser, 2008). Majit, et al. (2011) used a survey questionnaire. A 5-point liket scale was used in the questionnaires for collecting the nurse’s perceptions on evidence based practice. The advantages of using a likert scale are that the questions are easy to construct, furthermore the likert scale allows for easy comparison of the participants responses. The disadvantage of using a likert scale is the total score of an individual’s response does not have a clear meaning as a total score can be fixed by a variety of answer patterns (Kothari, 2004). Survey questionnaires require the participants to answer questions presented to them. The questionnaire was self administered, which allows for anonymity and less control from the researcher (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012). The first set of questions were demographic questions which as education, job title and length of experience. Majid, et al. (2011) used the results from the demographic information collected to identify a relationship between the demographic information and the ability to undertake evidence based practice activities and other related activities. Another advantage of the survey questionnaires are that a large sample group was targeted within a small space of time. The surveys were collected within a2-week period. Maybe if they waited 3-weeks they might have had a greater response rate. Lastly survey questionnaires are easily replicable as the questions are standardised therefore making them a good method of research (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012). The disadvantages of using survey questionnaires for data collection includes respondents of are usually unreliable as the participants may not have time to complete the survey. Majid, et al. (2011) had a response rate of 70%. In addition research is also prone to the Hawthorne effect as the participants know that they are being tested, they may not answer the questions on the questionnaire truthfully (Waltz et al, 2010). This may mean the study To assess the nurses’ ability to search databases a hypothetical top was presented to the nurses, with 5 possible search statements and were asked to choose the most appropriate search statement. The validity of this method of measuring their ability to search a database could be questioned. Results The results are presented in table form making the data easy to analyse Majid, et al. (2011) seemed to make assumptions about the beliefs and attitudes towards evidence based practice. The result percentages are too close together. The results from the questions asked about beliefs and attitudes towards evidence based practice showed that 64. 3% of the nurses either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement that they preferred using traditional methods than new patient care approaches. Majid, et al. (2011) failed to account for the 35. 7% of respondents who didn’t disagree or strongly disagree. Majid, et al. (2011) found that 52. 8% of the nurses disagreed with the statement that they do not like people questioning their clinical practices that are based on established methods. From this Majid et al concluded that the nurses were open to adopt new health care approaches. Majid, et al. (2011) again did not take into account the 47. 9% of respondents who did not disagree. Majid, et al. (2011) used a statistical test to investigate possible relationships between the ability to undertake evidence based practice activities and other related variables. Their findings were a weak relationship was found between the ability of nurses to implement evidence based practice and their length of experience. Nurses who had higher qualifications were likely to have better abilities to undertake different evidence based practice tasks. Lastly nurses who attended evidence based practice training were likely to feel more competent in their abilities to implement evidence based practice. Majid, et al. (2011) was able to determine these results using data collected from the questionnaires. . This supports the finding s of the other literature which was mentioned in the literature reviews. Reliability and validity All research studies should have a high reliability and validity. Reliability is the ability to consistently measure what is being measured. Godshall (2010, p. 36) writes that ‘Validity is the ability to measure what is supposed to or is intended to be measured’. To ensure that the content of the questionnaire was valid Majid, et al. (2011) had the questionnaire reviewed by a team of experts. Majid, et al. (2011) used a large sample size of 1,486 making the study reliable as a large number size is important in ensuring that the research is reliable. However the responses from the questionnaire could not be truthful therefore making the study results unreliable. The results showed that 64% of the nurses expressed a positive attitude towards evidence based practice. 64% is not a large enough percentage to conclude the study.. Majid, et al. (2011) assessed the reliability and content validity of their questions using Cronbach alpha. Questionnaires in general have a low validity as the questions do not explore the topic in depth or detail. Majid et al, 2011 conducted a pilot study to test the survey questions. The feedback received showed that the participants wanted the language and the format of the questions changed. By conducting a pilot study this ensures that the study is reliable and valid. Conclusion and clinical implications The conclusions made from Majid et al, (2011) study were that nurses had a positive attitude towards evidence based practice. However they found adopting evidence based practice difficult due to barriers which effect adaptation of evidence based practice. Majid, et al . (2011) suggest that hospital management arrange evidence based practice training and providing time off from work to learn and put into practice new techniques. To summarise the study was a conducted well, the study is easily replicable, although to further the study Majid, et al. (2011) should have considered using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. Majid,et al. (2011) could have interviewed the nurses to get a further insight into the nurses attitudes and beliefs. Reference List Aveyard. H, 2010, Doing a Literature review in health and social care. A practical guide. 2nd ed, New York: Open university press. Baker. J, 2012, Evidence-Based practice for nurses, London: Sage Publications. Bowling. A and Ebrahim. S, 2005, Handbook of health research methods, Berkshire: Open University Press. Godshall. M. 2012, Fast facts for Evidence Based Practice, Newyork: Springer publishing company. Graziano. M. A and Raulin. L. M, 2007, Research methods a process of inquiry, 6th ed, Boston: Pearson Education. Grix. J, 2010, The Foundations of Research, 2nd Ed, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Hopkins. G. W, 2008, Quantitative Research Design, Sports Science, [online] Available at http://libweb. anglia. ac. uk/referencing/harvard. htm [accessed 16th May 2012]. Houser. J, 2008, Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Evidence, London:Jones and Bartlett. Kothari. R. C, 2004, Research Methodology: Methods and Technique, 2nd ed, New Delhi: New age international. Marczyk. R. G, DeMatteo. D and Festinger. D, 2005, Essentials of Research Design and Methodology, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Mitchell. L. M and Jolley. M. J, 2012, Research design explained,8th ed, Wandsworth: Cengage Learning. Saris. E. W and Gallhofer. N. I, 2007, Design,Evaluation and analysis of questionnaires for survey research,Wiley-Interscience Waltz. F. C, Strickland. L. O and Lenz. R. E, 2010, Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, New York:Springer Publishing Company. How to cite Research Methods in Health and Social Care, Essays

Musical Genre in the History and Development of Popular Music

Question: The Blues can be perceived as a single most influential musical genre in the history and development of popular music. Do you agree? Discuss your reasons. Answer: Introduction: The most famous and popular music of American's has had a tremendous and profound effect all across the universe of music. This country since long has seen the continuous rise of the popular styles which have for long had an important and a very vital influence on all kinds of the global culture that includes blues, ragtime, swing, jazz, bluegrass, rock, country, doo wop, soul, gospel, punk, funk, disco, heavy metal, salsa, house, grunge, techno, and the hip hop (Bernstein, 2008). Additionally, the music of the American industry has always been quite supporting and diverse in so many numbers of the famous regional styles like the klezmer, zydeco, and the slack-key. The oldest or the earliest songs which could be well considered as the American most popular music songs, as are opposed to the most famous and popular music refer any of the particular ethnicity or the region, were the sentimental songs by Sir Stephen Foster and also by so many of his peers, plus songs which are meant for its use in the theatrical productions and minstrel shows which featured dancing, singing and the comic performances (Cooper, 2012). In the beginning of the year 1920s and also accelerating in the year 1940s, the blues at that time began very rapidly diversifying into a much broader spectrum of all of the new styles. They also included the energetic style, up-tempo which is called as the rhythm and blues are commonly known as the (RB), a collaboration of the Anglo-Celtic and the blues song known as the country music plus the fusion of spirituals and the hymns with the blues structures known as the gospel music. In the year 1940s, the blues, rhythm and blues and the country fusion which was called as the rock and roll mainly developed, and thus coming all together to dominate the American popular at the start of the year 1960s (Bernstein, 2008). Blues Musical genre in the history: Since long ago, the blues has very deep roots refer the history of the American music industry and background, most particularly in the history of the African-American. This blues has originated on the Southern plantations long ago in the 19th Century (Bernstein, 2008). Its main investors were the ex-slaves, slaves and also the descendants of the slavesplus the African-American people of the sharecroppers who has sung songs when they toiled in the vegetable fields and the cotton fields. It has been until time generally and almost fully accepted that the music has been evolved from the vegetable fields, African spirituals, field hollers, work songs, drum music, rural fife, country dance music and the revivalist hymns (Scaruffi.com, 2016). The singers of the blues bridged on the different realms of the black music plus also bringing together all of the practices and the styles refer the minstrel shows, of ragtime, vaudeville theatres and also of the native and local rural cultures and environments. The first and the foremost blues songs were to be screened and published in the year 1912 were the ever loved and famous Baby Seals Blues, which was at that time written by the ragtime famous artist named Dallas Blues and the Artie Matthews plus written by the Hart Wand who is also called as the white songwriter (Scaruffi.com, 2016). Blues since its inception, in the South, or at the time of the early 20th century, named as "the Blues" was simple and also the expressive forms which had become, at the close of the end of the 1960s, among the most vital, famous and important influences refer the development of the most popular music in America. This Blues have essentially as well as shown in the emotional expression plus is the predominantly a medium vocal - although there are plenty of illustrations of the Blues instrumentals (SAGEE, 2007). Generally, it is always the singer, who tends to express the feelings of the songs which are made by the Blues; and there is the availability of so many of the vocal techniques that are brought into use so as to create the required and the desired effects. There is also availability of a wide range of the Blues instrumentations which accompanies the central vocal demonstration or the performance presentation, i.e. the bending of the strings of the guitar, the ever loved and the classic bottleneck of the blues guitarists, the famous and worldwide loved harmonica which has always been imitating the voice of the humans etc.), and that these clearly characterize the requirements of the Blues performance presentations (SAGEE, 2007). Main reasons of the reasons that the Blues genre has with such a remarkable speed moved forward, has been the economic migration which has been done by millions of the Black workers to the cities of the area of the North from that from the South. The famous Blues has gone with them, and also adapting to the urban environment. Thus the Themes which are extracted from the Blues song has with the passage of time become more and more urban based than ever (Panish, 2004). The single, or the solo bluesman has been with the passage of time joined by so many of the other famous musicians plus the Blues combination (combo) was now born. The harmonica, piano, drums, bass and the most importantly of all of them, the ever loved electric guitar has become the main cornerstone and also the sound of the increasing music and rhythmic intensity among the worldwide listeners (Smith, 2014). Among the major centres of the urban which has been now creating the much more "sophisticated" sounds of the Blues now also included the Atlanta, St. Louis and Memphis. Thus, the most exceptional and world famous Talents were now found that are to be placed at the number of places all across the world. Sir John Lee Hooker also now found a perfect home at the Detroit, later T-Bone Walker the great established in the Chicago and the West Coast produced the best and the most popular ones (Stott, 2013). Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, Elmore James and the Otis Spann also were all established and based there. Blues Music and the Development of popular music Blues has been the number one and has also with the passage of time influenced just about each and everything all across the universe musically that subsequently enhanced and developed. The emergence of this also, later on, came to be well called as the Rhythm and the Blues. The Blues, a stylistic, haunting kind of the instrumental and vocal music, is mainly based upon the use of the 'blue' intentional aberration or the notes or the 'bending' of the scalar tone based on the repetitive pattern, that is always or usually a 12-bar structure. Further, it provided the blues its harmony and the characteristic melody (Panish, 2004). The (RB) Rhythm and Blues have most commonly learned and understood as the main term which has been used to well clearly describe the simple and the sophisticated music of the urban times which grew out and was born from the urbanization of the group Blues that began in the early years of the 1930s (Panish, 2004). The most renowned and the single exponent of such a kind of the development is named as the Louis Jordan, he originally came from a comparatively much smaller band, started to make the Blues-based songs and records with serious humorous lyrics plus a rhythm which is considered as the owing as much for the boogie Woogie as is for the much traditional classic type of the form of blues. Amos Milburn, Louis Jordan, Charles Brown, Floyd Dixon plus even the famous and most loved great, "Big" Joe Turner, at that time were all the leading practitioners of which came to be called as the jump blues (Panish, 2004). In this mix of the RB, there existed so many of the room for all kinds of different band formations - and also so many of the relatively bigger bands as well were being led by the singers who has got much vast previous experience with famous and much renowned and bigger great bandleaders like the Lucky Millender and Count Basie. Jimmy Witherspoon and Joe Turner had earlier spells with the Basie. The relatively smaller kinds of the groups often were dependent and also relied more and more on the individual soloists and earned the spotlight, so many solos were at that time being taken by the tenor sax and the alto players. This is also important to note down that the singers who used the electric guitar, which has played such a huge part, refer for the popularization and the urbanization of the Blues, were often designated and relegated to important roles to accompany (Lipsitz, 2015). When we listen to the famous records of the Charles Brown, for example, and we hear the virtual all of the solos which are played by the all famous Brown on the instrument piano. Many great "jump blues" also came from the T-Bone Walker, with his highly influential guitar and unique work, being all together being very clearly and also undoubtedly in the all-time lead (Litwack, 2004). The often use of the blue notes plus the prominence and the usual use of the call and the response patterns refer the lyrics and the music is the most indicative of all time blues' pedigree of the West African. These blues were influenced by the Western and the American well known and popular music, soon they became vital part of genres of the jazz, ragtime, rhythm, bluegrass and the blues, hip-hop, rock and roll, pop songs and the country music in the United Kingdom, some of the bands which emulated in the United states blues legends, and also the United Kingdom blues which is rock based bands and had very important and influential role all around the year 1960s and further (Hamilton, 2002). The John Lee Hooker combined his style of the blues with the elements of the rock and then playing with the younger musicians which belonged to the white genres, creating an impressive musical style which came to light in the 1971 album named as the Endless Boogie. In a different style which is a particular contrast to Chicago style, which is made as the King's band, brought into use some strong brass type of the support from the trumpet, saxophone, and the trombone, in spite of taking into use the harp or the slide guitar (Fleissner, 2013). The Tennessee-born star named Bobby "Blue" Bland, such as the B. King also straddled the famous RB and the blues genres. The music of the Jug band was all the way popular all over the South since and until the year 1930s (Lee, 2004). The early jug bands which have been variously featured by the guitars, jugs, banjos, mandolins, stringed basses, kazoos, fiddles, harmonicas, washboards and so many of the other each day used appliances got with the passage of time and preference got converted to the into the crude instruments (Lee, 2004). Conclusion: There has been no doubt regarding the fact that the blues has for sure served and been the backbone or the main contender for the spread of all kinds of the styles and also probably for so many of the styles which are yet to come in near future. The blues music has always been the most reflective of the struggle which has been done by the black American so as to reach and achieve the success and fame in the life. Such kinds of the musical forms have all emerged as the main responses to economic, social and also often the state-sanctioned repression and rejection. The situation and the circumstances refer the black American in the history of the America post the Emancipation has very significantly and greatly shaped all kinds of the development of these, America's 1st indigenous products of the music. The famous and very Well-known blues pioneers in the year 1920s like the Blind Lemon Jefferson, Son House, Charlie Patton, Lead belly, and the Robert Johnson most probably at the times p erformed the solo with just the use of a mere a guitar. Very rarely they used to get teamed up with additional fellow beings like the bluesmen so as to perform at the camps, rambling shacks, and the rural juke joints. The rich and famous Blues bands might have evolved early from the gospel choirs, jazz bands, and the jug bands. References Bernstein, C. (2008). Objectivist Blues: Scoring Speech in Second-Wave Modernist Poetry and Lyrics.American Literary History, 20(1-2), pp.346-368. Cooper, B. (2012). Blues and Chaos: The Music Writing of Robert Palmer.Popular Music and Society, 35(1), pp.131-132. Fleissner, J. (2013). Historicism Blues.American Literary History, 25(4), pp.699-717. Hamilton, M. (2002). The Voice of the Blues.History Workshop Journal, 54(1), pp.123-143. Lee, S. (2004). The Jazz Harmonies of Connection and Disconnection in "Sonny's Blues".Genre, 37(2), pp.285-299. Lipsitz, G. (2015). Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination.Journal of American History, 102(1), pp.281-281. Litwack, L. (2004). Jim Crow Blues.OAH Magazine of History, 18(2), pp.7-58. Panish, J. (2004). Twelve Bar Blues.Genre, 37(2), pp.350-352. SAGEE, A. (2007). Bessie Smith: Down Hearted Blues and Gulf Coast Blues revisited.Popular Music, 26(01), p.117. Scaruffi.com. (2016).A History of Blues Music. [online] Available at: https://www.scaruffi.com/history/blues.html [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Smith, S. (2014). Union Blues: Melville's Poetic In(ter)ventions.Genre, 47(1), pp.21-53. Stott, R. (2013). Homesick Blues.Reviews in American History, 41(1), pp.19-24.

Legalization Prostitution (Sweden) Debate Paper free essay sample

Sweden Prostitution is the exchange of sexual relations for economic gain. Most commonly, currency is used for transactions- being the most fluid of assets. Prostitution is a branch from the Sex Industry and is illegal in many countries. Prostitutes may be of either sexual orientation, but historically have been predominantly female. Brothels are specifically dedicated establishments where prostitution occurs. More countries are adopting the notion of ‘decriminalizing’ prostitution, whereby criminal penalties are often lifted. Prostitute- Latin: prostituta â€Å"to offer up for sale† Sweden – In 1999 the Swedish government passed a law criminalizing those who purchase sexual intercourse but have decriminalized prostitution (those who perform commercial sex work. ) Pimping, procuring and operating a brothel are also illegal. In 2009, both Norway and Iceland adopted similar legislation. Within the public, it is generally seen as a problem and a form of male violence towards women and that the customer is the ‘criminal. ’ The earliest law on prostitution appears to be in 1734, which outlawed sexual relations outside marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization Prostitution (Sweden) Debate Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rationale was partly religious and partly hygienic. -An attempt was made to ban prostitution in 1836, but within a year a state run brothel was established â€Å"Between 1983 and 1993 (particularly 1984–1987 and 1990–1992) some 50 bills were presented dealing with prostitution, many of which included the criminalization of purchase, and there was a major lobby within and without the Riksdag (national legislation assembly) from women’s movements and calls for more commissions† -Wikipedia In 2004 there were approximately 2,500 prostitutes working in Sweden. Roughly 75% of workers work in a ‘non-visible’ market indoors/home, brothels, and escort services. 12% of Swedish men have admitted to purchasing sexual services. In Sweden, prostitution is officially acknowledged as a form of male sexual violence against women and children. One of the cornerstones of Swedish policies against prostitution and trafficking in human beings is the focus on the root cause, the recognition that without mens demand for and use of women and girls for sexual exploitation, the global prostitution industry would not be able flourish and expand. The buying and selling of sexual services are legal. Solicitation in public is not permitted. The act of exchanging sexual services for money has never been illegal. This is a situation that has caused much controversy within Parliament. The current Conservative government is in favor of stronger sanctions on the matter, but no changes are apparent in the near future of the existing legislation. USA- Prostitution is illegal, except for 11 counties within Nevada. These counties have certain registration and mandatory health checks. It is illegal for pimping, owning/operating a brothel. â€Å"Indoor prostitution became legal in Rhode Island in 1980 due to an unintentional legal loophole created by legislators. The state enacted new legislation closing the loophole on Nov. 3, 2009. † -Every year, roughly 80,000 citizens are arrested for soliciting -prostitution. procon. org Germany- Prostitution was legalized in Germany in 1927. Pimping and brothel ownership are also legal. There are an estimated 400,000 prostitutes which work in Germany, with roughly 1.2 million patrons- daily. Annual revenues equate to roughly 6 billion euro (same as Adidas and Porsche. ) Netherlands- Officially legal in 2000. Prostitutes are required to register and pay taxes. Required age of at least 18 years old and a minimum customer age of 16 years old. Brothel ownership is legal with certain zoning and licensing requirements. Pimping is also legal, as long as there is no coercion. United Kingdom (incl. Scotland)- Presently it is le gal to pay for sex. It is legal soliciting one’s body as well. New legislation which is said to come into effect later this year will protect women forced into the trade, by making it illegal to purchase sex from a prostitute who is controlled by a pimp. It is illegal to own a brothel and to pimp. China (incl. Taiwan)- It is completely illegal in China, though the Province of Taiwan legalized prostitution on June 24, 2009. A Taipei based advocacy group estimated that there are 600,000 workers in the sex trade. Key Terms: Rape- People who ‘sell their bodies’ putting themselves in risk of potential abuse. Although, in countries where prostitution is regulated, ex: The Netherlands, rape rates have gone down. In Holland, prostitution is legal as well as licensing a brothel. Economy- If regulated, it could be financially beneficial for the economy. It could be taxed (see Netherlands. ) If legalized and regulated, it could result in a safer work place for both prostitutes and customers. In 2006, Greece’s economy was up 25% due to the aid of prostitutes. Abuse- There seems to be a staggering correlation between prostitutes and child abuse. In San Francisco, out of 147 prostitutes surveyed, 57% said they were sexually assaulted as children. As adults, 82% have been assaulted while conducting their sex-work. Pimps lower the risk of a prostitute from being assaulted from their customer, but there are many cases whereby the pimp assaults ‘his women’. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)- Only 3-5% of STD’s are prostitution related, compared to the 30-35% teen rate. It is believed that the percentile for prostitute conveyed STD’s is so low is due to their knowledge of safe sex. In countries where prostitution is legal, it is seen as safersex, for the government regulates it. Main Clashes: * A woman’s right over her body vs. Negative impact on society The view of many on the propositioning side of the legalization of prostitution believe it’s the females right to do whatever she/he deems fit with his/her own body. To limit someone from this right may be seen as ‘un constitutional ’ in certain countries. On the other hand, many people view this as an ugly profession, which taints society and its image. Not just the image, but also the negative impact on the youth, which will be inflicted with a ‘skewed’ perception of what, is acceptable. This, in turn may lead to other promiscuous activities within society. * Objectification and demeaning vs. Right to work Many believe that since the vast majority of sex-workers are female, it makes the female seem ‘cheap’ and that she can be ‘bought. ’ On the other hand, lower class citizens often feel like they have no choice but to do what they can for money. Making prostitution illegal would be viewed as discriminating against the lower classed, impoverished people in society. This also makes the working environment very poor for sex providers and their customers.

How to Write Term Papers

How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term PapersIn the Middle Ages, a craftsman had to demonstrate his piece of work to the officers of the guild in order to be admitted to a trade guild. If the officers approved his work, he granted the title of Master of trade. This tradition still works today, as teachers at school/college/university evaluate students skills and abilities by the academic papers they accomplish. Probably, this is the idea that every student should keep in mind when writing his/her term paper. The only question is how to write term papers. Well, in this article, you will find useful tips on how to write term papers and get only the best grades ever. In addition, you should review great tips on how to write a term paper, how to write a thesis, and how to write a research paper in our blog!How to write term papers: BrainstormingBefore you get far gathering information, you have to think of two main things:What you aim to explore;Who the reader of your paper is.How to write term papers: P icking out a topicSomeone might take choosing a topic carelessly but not you if you want to get an A+ on your paper. The right choice of a term paper topic is half the battle and a strong factor influencing the entire success on the paper. Take into consideration your personal preferences, your level of knowledge and abilities, and the readers interest as well.How to write term papers: Seeking sourcesA crucially importance feature of scholarly writing is that scholars trace each idea to its source. It means that each idea and fact should be cited, and the source from which this information was taken should be presented in the reference list. Avoid the Web sources that every visitor has an access to. It is better to use books from your school library or educational websites.How to write term papers: OutliningA comprehensive outline will help you find connections between the pieces of information and find out what is worth or does not worth talking about. Think what might be mentioned first, then second, third, etc.How to write a term paper clearlyPeople tend to write clearly if they know what they are trying to say. Express your thoughts as if you are trying to explain a little boy an overcomplicated subject. First, do not pay attention to the grammar and spelling. You will come back to them after the full text is ready.How to write term papers: EditingFirst, proofread what you have written and try to find misunderstanding and shortcomings in the logic of narration. Then, pass to the grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Check the format.Our tips on how to write term papers will certainly help you if you take them into consideration. Do not forget to take a look at guidelines on how to write an essay and how to write a book report . You will definitely find them helpful!

Business Operations and Systems Literature review

Business Operations and Systems - Literature review Example It was one of the first chief oil firms to openly declare the necessity to protect the environment through minimization of greenhouse gases emission. BP has main listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a component of FTE 100 index. As of December 2011, the market capitalization stood at ? 87.1 billion making it rank fourth largest of any firm quoted on the London Stock Exchange (BP, 2012; p. 2). New York Stock Exchange has the secondary listings of the firm. The success of the firm is instrumentally motivated by the kind of operational strategies used by the management of BP. Power and capabilities have been effective in the firm in the development of world market for its products among other oil firms. As mentioned earlier, the firm operates in all the six continents globally within 100 States. The primary objective of the firm has been to drill and locate oil in various parts of the world. Other main functions have been to explore and produce crude oil and natural gas, refining of crude oil, market distribution and hauling and manufacture of petrochemicals. The firm has also considered producing solar power. Therefore, the tactical management of operations can be seen as instrumental in the success of the firm. As one of the greatest petrochemical and oil production company the firm has considered to specialize in exploration and production of gas, supply of the petroleum products and production and distribution of various chemicals. Currently, the firm has rapid modification of its outside market as the firm has highly regarded itself as contemporal learning organization, which is obliged to be reactive and adaptive to the high technology in the... The business can make use of this in their interior operations that can be applied to consignees, distributors and stakeholders. The process of payment or status of the cargo or consignment can be easily received thus providing an efficient channel for replenishment of stock at the right time. This technology can be used to assist the firm in minimizing the risks associated with the inventory management and maximization of sales through reduction of life cycles of the products. Furthermore, competitive advantage can easily be achieved considering the fact that there is an easy order-entry procedure and reduced paper work. Even though there are apparent benefits for companies and development of these operational management systems, there are still some observable challenges. Therefore, the firm’s management must be in a position to guarantee the obstacles can be handled with care to avoid loopholes in the system. What’s more, it is observable that the status of economy c an trigger British Petroleum to consider using all their arsenals in delivering products and services to various segments of the global market. The application of operational business management approach can help make more efficient the business assortment of the firm.

An Entrepreneur's Journey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Entrepreneur's Journey - Assignment Example Both her personal and business life need maximum and equal attention. Simi will have a difficult time during the transition as first she has to find an appropriate house for the family, and one that she can afford. Her husband is dealing with the housing issue, but it has an effect on the family and their finances. In addition, she has her children’s education to worry about, as the move to Lagos will necessitate them to change school. Finding this a good school for the kids to settle is another challenge. The moving process will have a huge effect on the family as it involves many changes to their personal and professional lives. The children will have to change schools and the environment they have been used to. Simi and her husband will also have to adapt to the new personal and business environment they will now be exposed to (Davis and Spence 5). The move to Nigeria presents a new challenge to the survival of the business, which is only 2 years old. Simi had to put in measures that will ensure the survival of the business even without his husband’s presence throughout the year. She has to have a strategic plan on the sustainability of the business in both the long-term and short-term. To safeguard the survival of the business, Simi has taken several steps. The first step has been to ensure that she will find time to take care of the business by being there for 4 months in a year. This will give her the opportunity to deal with the company issues and assess the progress in her absence. In addition, she will keep constant communication with Feyi to help her in the day-to-day running of the business. Simi and Feyi have hired a marketing consultant to help them articulate the story to the media and public in general. This is a step to help the business gain more recognition and extend its outreach to more potential clients. This will help grow the business and ensure its

Law Heritage of International Law

Law Heritage of International Law International law theorists are largely in agreement when discussing the natural law heritage of International Law. The two were virtually synonymous until the nineteenth century.[1] The conception of International Law as a branch of law is often associated with Hugo Grotius, the celebrated natural law theorist, which is a testament to the undeniable link. This was also due in part to the underdevelopment of international positive law, the relative absence of recognised customary international law and treaties, such as we enjoy today. This void was instead filled by natural law, which had matured over some two millennia. Natural law has often been referred to as philisophia perennis by some scholars.[2] Therefore, the common ground that legal systems share has been cultivated under natural law, and similarly, the common ground for the genesis of an international legal system had also been natural law. By the thirteenth century natural law had reached its zenith with the works of Thomas Aquinas. However, it was not until much later, the middle of the twentieth century to be more precise, until legal positivism became hegemonic. This was a result of post-enlightenment European thought and the rise of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke who provided fresh insights into philosophy as well as governance. Fresh thought brought with it fresh reaction for and against the work of the naturalistic school of jurisprudence. The criticisms came from within the naturalist tradition due to a divergence from the original lex naturalis, as well as out with from the positivists.[3] At the beginning of the nineteenth century, attempts to successfully establish international law within the positivist framework proved futile. At first it was decisively excluded from the realm of positivist jurisprudence, following which it sought to reclaim it on its own terms. Lon Fuller has appropriately described thi s approach as one of icy rejection and [then] an acceptance in a bone-crushing embrace.[4] The unacceptance of international law by the legal positivists, at least initially, was due to the latters unwavering loyalty to legal positivisms core tenets. Despite numerous attempts by positivists, they were simply dumbfounded at the possibility of an object with so-called juridical character which did not stem from the will of a sovereign. By the start of the twentieth century the tide had well and truly turned in favour of legal positivism. This ushered in a new era on the jurisprudence of international law, which was rather glibly summed up in a 1926 opinion of the Mexico-United States General Claims Commission: The law of nature may have been helpful, some three centuries ago, to build up a new law of nations, and the conception of inalienable rights of men and nations may have exercised a salutary influence, some one hundred and fifty years ago, on the development of modern democracy on both sides of the ocean; but they have failed as durable foundation of either municipal or international law and can not be used in the present day as substitutes for positive municipal law, on the one hand, and for positive international law, as recognised by nations and government through their acts and statements, on the other hand.[5] As the eighteenth century drew to a close, so did the window to what was now a dated philosophy in the field of jurisprudence natural law. This was largely down to a continental shift toward proper science. This new dawn in European civilisation left little room for conjecture and ideas of a capricious nature. In other words, scholarly credibility lay in forming ideas based on a methodology akin to that of the natural sciences. Over a relatively short space of time international law theorists tipped their proverbial hats to natural law for its immense contribution to the field of international law and gave up conjecture for observation, and analysis in place of evaluation. Two of the most important figures in the history of legal positivism were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and, his compatriot John Austin (1790-1859). Austin is a distinguished and celebrated figure in the positivist tradition because of his innovations in English legal thought. His works have been praised far and wide, and perhaps by none more so than the Cambridge jurist T.A Walker (1862-1935) who pronounced Austins work as the starting point of all English dissertations on legal science.[6] In the hope of extending jurisprudence the same status as that of the natural sciences, Austin was resolute in his stance on the distinction between law and ethics. With said task in mind, Austin provides a succinct account of what defines positive law: The essential difference of a positive law (or the difference that severs it from a law which is not a positive law) may be stated thus. Every positive law, or every law simply and strictly so called, is set by a sovereign person, or a sovereign body of persons, to a member or members of the independent political society wherein that person or body is sovereign or supreme.[7] However, regarding international law, Austin adopts a different tact. In an attempt to offer an explanation to the enigma that is international law, Austin decides to head it under the science of positive morality as opposed to law properly so called. His reasoning stems from international laws apparent unfulfillment of the criteria put forth by legal positivism. Austin believes international law to be materially lacking in the sense that no laws strictly so called emanate from a sovereign to members of an independent political society. Therefore, since there is no sovereign and independent political community which is in turn subject to said sovereign, then international law is not law so properly called.[8] The need for a sovereign in Austins view is largely due to the power it affords the law. He believes the obligatory status conferred upon the law is a result of the possible punishment, by the sovereign, that may befall a wrongdoer in case of disobedience: the prior of which is not bound by any law and is the source of all law properly so called. The notion of all law being dependent on the will of a sovereign state is one that is entirely mismatched to the characterisation of international as a proper legal system. This concept seeks to preclude the very possibility of any form of real governance of international relations amongst sovereign nations. This rather seems a case of square pegs and round holes. It is perhaps the narrow mindedness of attempting to fit international law in an entirely uncompromising mould. This approach fails to connect with the reality of international life. Which is evident in the fact that states continue to respect international law as law; through their acceptance of the rulings in the vast majority of cases, through upholding diplomacy, exercising legal rights and accepting others legal rights as well as signing treaties and regarding themselves and others as being bound by those treaties. An alternative perspective to the absolute expulsion of international law from the positivist arena, is one posited by H.L.A Hart. In his view the rules of international law need only be accepted as standards of conduct and supported with appropriate forms of social pressure to be regarded as obligatory, binding, legal rules.[9] However, since there is no secondary rule which stipulates the criteria of legal validity of rules, their existence depends on whether they are accepted as a rule or not.[10] International law therefore consists of rules which constitute not a system but a set of rules.[11] Albeit this line of reasoning is more accepting of international law as a binding, obligatory force, it does contain a major caveat. Whilst conceding international does indeed exist as law, Hart does not afford it the same status as that of a municipal legal system, which he considers to be more advanced and acceptable to the standards of positivist thought. This presents a dilemma for int ernational lawyers: to accept Harts reductionist methodology or is international law deserving of a more comprehensive designation in the jurisprudential sphere. As discussed previously, international law owes a great deal to natural law for laying the foundation for a system that is now known as international law. However, due to its metaphysical nature it was unable to ground itself as a science properly so called. In the post-enlightenment era, the baton of jurisprudence was passed over to the now favoured legal positivism. This is where we initiate proceedings into the correct classification of international law. Chapter 2: International Law as Law: An Academic Glass Bead Game? The classification of law is a concern of the utmost gravity for the international lawyer, as this has the ability to influence perceptions about the field, which is a hugely significant factor in the reaction it invokes when infringed. Perhaps the most imperative question on the minds of those who doubt international system as a legal system is the quality of it.[12] Too often it is the case that international lawyers adopt an argumentative tact which ultimately proves to be a futile endeavour, because the question remains unanswered.[13] With the introduction of his celebrated work, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined,[14]John Austin has yielded great influence over the jurisprudence of international law: most notably because of the command theory. Austin proposed theory was as follows: law consists of rules which are issued by a sovereign; are defined as commands, coercive orders, or wishes; backed by the threat of imposing an evil in the form of a sanction in case of non-compliance with said command, coercive order, or wish.[15] In Austins view a material condition for a rule to elevate to a law is that it must be issued by a sovereign who is habitually obeyed by the majority of a society and who himselfÂÂ   does not habitually obey another human superior.[16] As is evident, the command theory precludes international law from the ambit of law. According to Austin international law is not sourced from the command of a sovereign but rather it is set by general opinion and enforced by sanctions that equate t o a mere moral duty.[17] Therefore, international law is outside the legal positivist tradition and is reduced to a form of international morality by Austin.[18] As a result of Harts effective repudiation of Austins command theory,[19] which had proven to be a formidable hindrance in recognising international law as law has been largely abandoned. Austin can be considered as the last significant denier of the legal quality of international law and the refutation of one of his most notable theories has provided some much-needed respite to the international law is law camp. However, the debate is still very much alive and kicking as there have always been and still are approaches which neither fully discount international law nor accept it as the finished article for the purposes of international politics. The legal realists such as Georg Schwarzenberger and Hans Joachim Morgenthau, illustrate this well by decreeing it as a reality of the international system but vehemently questioning its ability to kerb power exercised by states.[20] To the same effect, Kenneth Waltzs neo-realist account of international relations entirely omits any part play ed by international law.[21] More recently a fresh challenge has been posed by Jack Goldsmith and Eric Posner in their work The Limits of International Law, who argue that a states interests, above all else, is the determinative factor regarding its compliance with international obligations.[22]ÂÂ   Thereby claiming that international law in all its might has little to do with state conduct in the international arena. It can be said that the various ways in which the legal quality of international law is brought into question is not ultimately decided upon the basis of the jurisprudential question of whether international law really is law properly so called. However, such questions do fuel the fire of doubt which lends itself it to strengthening the position of commentators who seek to endorse a more restrictive approach to the international legal order. The benefit of clarifying international laws position through an analytical framework is two-fold: it can help explain the system better, and perhaps rather more importantly, it can aid the international lawyer in correctly identifying and interpreting the law.[23] Thus permitting a seemingly theoretical endeavour to yield practical results. The Significance of Hart in Particular The mere fact that analytical jurisprudence is of great importance in fashioning a well-reasoned answer to our proposed question does not alone merit an exhaustive engagement with Harts concept of international law. However, for a multitude of additional reasons it seems a conducive exercise, not least of all from the perspective of international law, to analyse Harts theory. As previously stated, Hart carried out the repudiation of Austins attempt to diminish international law to mere international morality. Further to this, positivism is considered by commentators on the subject of international law to be one of the most influential theoretical approaches.[24] In the same vein, it seems only natural to examine the works of one who is not only one of the most influential contemporary legal positivists, but also one of the very few legal theorists who was concerned with approaching international law from the perspective of analytical jurisprudence. There is a prevalent belief that the study of positivism within international law has now reached the stage of flogging a dead horse. This notion is somewhat misconceived when Hart is the theorist in question. Whose concept of positivism saw fit to move away from the consideration that one could gauge the validity of a legal system with the will of sovereign states. The late 19th century and early 20th century positivist accounts of international law were essentially voluntarist theories of international law. This is evident in the works of classical positivist such as Georg Jellinek, who viewed the basis for obligations under international law as an act of auto-limitation by states,[25] and Heinrich Triepel, who further developed this voluntarist theory replacing the will of the individual states with the common will of states.[26] This voluntarist approach found its basis on the landmark Lotus decision of the Permanent Court of Justice in which the court held that [i]nternational l aw governs relations between independent States. The rules of law binding upon States therefore emanate from their own free will as expressed in conventions or by usages generally accepted as expressing principles of law.[27] Therefore, positivism not only gives a firm nod of approval toward state sovereignty but also displays a belief in the consensual character of international law: no state can be bound by a rule of international law unless it has explicitly or tacitly consented to it. The historically strong affiliation between legal positivism and voluntarist conceptions of international law has led many scholars to believe that positivism is essentially a voluntarist approach to international law.[28] However this signals a tunnel vision to legal positivism, which in the international law arena does not have to be equated with voluntarism.[29] At the crux of legal positivism, there is an assertion that all legal facts are determined by social facts alone.[30] However, a point of disagreement arises when the question of what those social facts are is posed. For Jellinek and Triepel it was the will of states, for Kelsen it was the Grundnorm,[31] for Hart the rule of recognition. Positivism can be considered a malleable concept of law, as it has the ability to encompass an approach to international law which overcomes the constrictive nuances of voluntarism. Learning from Austins Mistakes: A Critique of the Command Theory Hart believed that the major defect with Austins theory lay in its promulgation of understanding law as a set of rules which had been issued by a sovereign. Based on this contention Hart began his work, by refuting both Austins theory on rules and his proposed theory on sovereignty. Respectively, Hart was unsatisfied with the explanation of labelling all legal rules as coercive orders. Whilst the fact was true that such a theory could provide the basis for understanding certain branches of the law, namely criminal law and delict/tort, it fails to take into consideration power-conferring rules. The latter of which do not encumber individuals, but rather they are utilised in finding and altering legal relations or granting powers to public officials.[32] Hart believes that homogenising power-conferring rules with orders backed by threats has given rise to a misnomer commands which has distorted the difference.[33] An additional concern with this characterisation is that it provides n o explanation for a scenario in which the sovereign can issue law which binds himself.[34] Lastly, Hart states that it would be baseless to suppose that all legal rules can source their origin to a wilful act of a legislator, especially with regards to customary law.[35] The role accorded to a sovereign in Austins theory is highly disputed by Hart. Who finds the concept to be overreaching in the sense that the sovereign issues orders, which are habitually obeyed, and who himself obeys no one else. The issue, as Hart states, arises with respect to the continuity of law. This common ideal cannot be upheld under habitual obedience.[36] That is to say, Austins theory fails to explain the effect of a new lawmakers particular powers because the basis of his theory rests on the normative supposition of habitual obedience, which it is not.ÂÂ   This in turn cannot lend itself to a successful transfer of law making powers to the new legislator. Therefore, Hart posits that past habitual obedience is no guarantee of future habitual obedience to a new sovereign.[37]Further to this, the command theory also neglects to clarify the persistence of law.[38] Which begs the question: if a command by a person who was habitually obeyed is no longer in power, what leg al value does the command retain, if any at all. Hitherto, it is one of the defining features of a legal system that laws passed by a legislator retain their power long after the legislator waives his position. Lastly, the influence granted by Austins theory to the sovereign disregards legal limitations faced by a legislature.[39] Austin suggests that the legislator may only face legal limitations if said legislator is under obligation to another legislator. This has the undesired effect of not only undermining the sovereignty of a legislator but rather removing it altogether due to his subjection to another sovereign.[40] Therefore, removing the possibility of law being understood as the will of a sovereign.[41] Chapter 3: Harts Fresh Start: Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules From the criticism of Austin, Hart forges a fresh approach in the form of primary and secondary rules. The lack of explanation offered by Austin on the subject of power-conferring rules acts as a catalyst for Hart to introduce and explain the difference between primary and secondary rules.[42] At the crux of it, primary rules impose duties on individuals. Whereas secondary rules provide the basis for creating, altering and defining the ambit of primary rules and are more commonly known as power-conferring rules. In his endeavour to demonstrate the requirement of secondary rules, Hart puts forth the example of a primitive society, which although follows certain customary rules, it does not fulfil the requisites for a legal system.[43] The system in such a society will no doubt have rudimentary regulations that facilitate its governance, but it will ultimately lack the power or means to authoritatively alter rules and resolve disputes arising from said rules. In Harts view, such a system would only be able to satisfy a relatively cognate society, and would not be agreeable if replicated on a larger scale.[44] The system of rules would suffer from rigidity in the face of social change as there would be no identifiable way to authoritatively alter them; uncertainty would arise surrounding the effectiveness of rules as there would be no means to monitor their efficiency. To address the issues facing primary rules, Hart proposes a system in which they are accompanied by secondary rules.[45] Harts rule of recognition would mitigate uncertainty and problems in authoritatively identifying primary rules. Further to this, rules of change would make the system more adept by vesting power in an individual or a group of individuals to readily create new primary rules when necessary. Lastly, the rules of adjudication would grant the representative powers to adjudicate authoritatively on possible violations of primary rules, thereby overcoming the inefficiency of a primitive system. The rule of recognition can be described as the defining characteristic of Harts concept of law. He believed it to be at the core of a legal system, as it lends authority to primary rules.[46] In contemporary legal systems, the rule of recognition dictates the precedence afforded to varying criterion.[47] The supreme criterion amongst them, must be one that overarches all other sources of law. Therefore, the rule of recognition, is the ultimate decider in a legal system.[48] Thereby granting it the unique position of not having to source its origins back to any other rule in a legal system, unlike every other criterion which is subject to the rule of recognition. In short, it serves as the standard bearer for every other rule and is perpetual in its existence. In order to establish a workable template for a legal system that amalgamates primary and secondary rules, Hart lays out the foundational aspects for such a system.[49] An elemental criteria according to Hart, is one of general obedience to the primary rules by the citizens. On the other hand, Hart rejects the assumption of secondary rules being obeyed by public officials, to whom they are addressed. This seems an amicable stance, as it would be unintelligible to class their conformity to the rules which confer law making powers on them as obedience or when they fail to conform, as disobedience. Let us consider the example of a judge, who in his duty of identifying and applying a statue, obeys the rule of recognition. It hardly seems an appropriate description of his task. Consequently, the rule of recognition requires unanimous acceptance by public officials according to Hart.[50] Whereas primary rules need only be accepted by the citizens to be considered legally valid, the rule of recognition is reliant on the fact that public officials believe it to be the general standard of legal validity and enact it to that degree.[51] Basic Elements of Harts Concept of International Law On the basis of his general theory Hart develops his concept of international law in Chapter X of The Concept of Law. In this chapter Hart approaches the question whether international law constitutes law or international morality. Only in the last section of Chapter X does Hart ask whether international law is sufficiently analogous to the municipal legal order to be qualified as a legal system. International Law as Law? According to Hart, international law lacks certain features which place it outside the fold of a developed legal system. He believes this ascription to be merited on the basis of; lack of an international legislature, absence of courts with sufficient authority, and the inadequacy of centrally organised sanctions.[52] In his estimation, such shortcomings ultimately consign international law to the position of a simple form of social structure, found in primitive societies.ÂÂ   Thereby giving rise to Harts claim that international law is largely made up of primary rules with little in the way of secondary rules. Hart goes on to examine the consequence of a lack of centralized sanctions, more notably, the effect this has on the classification of international law as law. In his view, not only are there no such sanctions under international law, United Nations Security Council attempts to establish them under Chapter VII of the UN Charter would be an exercise in futility as the veto would prove to be an unsurmountable challenge.[53]On the other hand, Hart does not believe sanctions are the elemental factor in states satisfying their obligations under international law. Such a belief would stem from the command theory obligations being backed by the threat of sanctions in case of disobedience which Hart had already refuted. Similarly, Hart argues that in establishing primary rules which prohibit the free use of force and providing rules for the use of force on official grounds as a sanction, are essential traits for all municipal legal systems. Such a system derives logic from the fact that human beings are based in communities, are of roughly equal strength, and have innumerable opportunities to harm their counterparts, all of which requires an approach that goes beyond relying on mere natural deterrents.[54] On the other hand, the international stage presents a different situation altogether. International acts of aggression are very well documented compared with those that occur on a domestic level between individuals. The possibility of third parties getting involved and the unpredictable nature of war, more often than not, acts as reason enough for states to avoid violence. Moreover, all states are not equal with regards to power and strength.[55] That is to say, sanctions would offer little in the way of acting as a deterrent for powerful states or forcing such states to obey the rules.[56] The absence of sanctions from the international level is of little concern to the legal quality of international law. [1] Sir Fredrick Pollock, Essays in the Law (1922) 63. [2] Philosophia perenis: This term has been used to denote the collective works of, most notably: Aristotle, the stoics, Augustine, the scholastics, and more latterly the neo-scholastics and the neo-thomists, referring to the body of philosophical truths common across ages and civilisations. See Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy (1946: 1998 edition translated by Thomas R. Hanley) 27-2, note 21. [3] Sir Fredrick Pollock remarking on the damage done by some scholars in the Enlightenment period post-Rousseau to natural law: Modern aberrations have led to a widespread belief that the Law of Nature is only a cloak for arbitrary dogmas or fancies. Essays in the Law (1922) 32. [4] Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law (1969 revised edition) 232. [5] North American Dredging Company of Texas (USA) v. Mexico, 4 RIAA 26, at 29-30 (1926). [6] T.A Walker, The Science of International Law *1893) 4.

Should Parents Give Their Children Mobile Phone?

Now days, mobile phone become popular in all of people. Hand phone help people to communicate easily. But in the fact, mobile phones can addict someone not only adult people and also young people. Parents should think the impact of using mobile phone to their children due to it is disturbance of their study and social relationship. Children do not want to far from their hand phone. They bring it everywhere, including when they study at home or study in the classroom.So, their concentrate not only in their study but also in their hand phone, they will choose to receive call than they continue their study. In the other side, when parents give hand phone to their children, it will build their relationship and create interaction dialogue or communication. Children will contact somebody who they are expected such as their friends, brother, sister, uncles an etc. it can make warm situation around them, they would not misinformation each other.If children often to communicate someone they w ill have good interaction, easy to communicate. So, with their relationship and their interaction it will make them confident to utterance their opinion. Even though there are advantages of hand phone for children, but in the fact the highest percentage is the disadvantages of hand phone. Hand phone for children causes the damage of personal such us lazy to do something. If children playing hand phone, they would not want to do the other activities.If they have bad relationship with other people, it will influence their habitually like easy to get emotion. So, hand phone has the big rule of their behavior if they could not use in the right way. Parents must be active to control their children when they use mobile phone. Even though parents easy to communicate with their children but they would not know who their children called. So, giving children hand phone is not the best choice for parents who busy with their career.

Deception Point Page 95

The communications device on the man's belt crackled. The voice coming out was robotic. â€Å"Delta-Three? Come in. I heard a shot.† The man made no move to answer. The device crackled again. â€Å"Delta-Three? Confirm. Do you need backup?† Almost immediately, a new voice crackled over the line. It was also robotic but distinguishable by the sound of a helicopter noise in the background. â€Å"This is Delta-One,† the pilot said. â€Å"I'm in pursuit of the departing vessel. Delta-Three, confirm. Are you down? Do you need backup?† Tolland pressed the bang-stick into the man's throat. â€Å"Tell the helicopter to back off that speedboat. If they kill my friend, you die.† The soldier winced in pain as he lifted his communication device to his lips. He looked directly at Tolland as he pressed the button and spoke. â€Å"Delta-Three, here. I'm fine. Destroy the departing vessel.† 115 Gabrielle Ashe returned to Sexton's private bathroom, preparing to climb back out of his office. Sexton'sphone call had left her feeling anxious. He had definitely hesitated when she told him she was in her office-as if he knew somehow she was lying. Either way, she'd failed to get into Sexton's computer and now was unsure of her next move. Sexton is waiting. As she climbed up onto the sink, getting ready to pull herself up, she heard something clatter to the tile floor. She looked down, irritated to see that she'd knocked off a pair of Sexton's cuff links that had apparently been sitting on the edge of the sink. Leave things exactly as you found them. Climbing back down Gabrielle picked up the cuff links and put them back on the sink. As she began to climb back up, she paused, glancing again at the cuff links. On any other night, Gabrielle would have ignored them, but tonight their monogram caught her attention. Like most of Sexton's monogrammed items, they had two intertwining letters. SS. Gabrielle flashed on Sexton's initial computer password-SSS. She pictured his calendar†¦ POTUS†¦ and the White House screensaver with its optimistic ticker tape crawling around the screen ad infinitum. President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the†¦ Gabrielle stood a moment and wondered. Could he be that confident? Knowing it would take only an instant to find out, she hurried back into Sexton's office, went to his computer, and typed in a seven-letter password. POTUSSS The screensaver evaporated instantly. She stared, incredulous. Never underestimate the ego of a politician. 116 Corky Marlinson was no longer at the helm of the Crestliner Phantom as it raced into the night. He knew the boat would travel in a straight line with or without him at the wheel. The path of least resistance†¦ Corky was in the back of the bouncing boat, trying to assess the damage to his leg. A bullet had entered the front part of his calf, just missing his shinbone. There was no exit wound on the back of his calf, so he knew the bullet must still be lodged in his leg. Foraging around for something to stem the bleeding, he found nothing-some fins, a snorkel, and a couple of life jackets. No first-aid kit. Frantically, Corky opened a small utility chest and found some tools, rags, duct tape, oil, and other maintenance items. He looked at his bloody leg and wondered how far he had to go to be out of shark territory. A hell of a lot farther than this. Delta-One kept the Kiowa chopper low over the ocean as he scanned the darkness for the departing Crestliner. Assuming the fleeing boat would head for shore and attempt to put as much distance as possible between itself and the Goya, Delta-One had followed the Crestliner's original trajectory away from the Goya. I should have overtaken him by now. Normally, tracking the fleeing boat would be a simple matter of using radar, but with the Kiowa's jamming systems transmitting an umbrella of thermal noise for several miles, his radar was worthless. Turning off the jamming system was not an option until he got word that everyone onboard the Goya was dead. No emergency phone calls would be leaving the Goya this evening. This meteorite secret dies. Right here. Right now. Fortunately, Delta-One had other means of tracking. Even against this bizarre backdrop of heated ocean, pinpointing a powerboat's thermal imprint was simple. He turned on his thermal scanner. The ocean around him registered a warm ninety-five degrees. Fortunately, the emissions of a racing 250 hp outboard engine were hundreds of degrees hotter. Corky Marlinson's leg and foot felt numb. Not knowing what else to do, he had wiped down his injured calf with the rag and wrapped the wound in layer after layer of duct tape. By the time the tape was gone, his entire calf, from ankle to knee, was enveloped in a tight silver sheath. The bleeding had stopped, although his clothing and hands were still covered with blood. Sitting on the floor of the runaway Crestliner, Corky felt confused about why the chopper hadn't found him yet. He looked out now, scanning the horizon behind him, expecting to see the distant Goya and incoming helicopter. Oddly, he saw neither. The lights of the Goya had disappeared. Certainly he hadn't come that far, had he? Corky suddenly felt hopeful he might escape. Maybe they had lost him in the dark. Maybe he could get to shore! It was then he noticed that the wake behind his boat was not straight. It seemed to curve gradually away from the back of his boat, as if he were traveling in an arc rather than a straight line. Confused by this, he turned his head to follow the wake's arc, extrapolating a giant curve across the ocean. An instant later, he saw it. The Goya was directly off his port side, less than a half mile away. In horror, Corky realized his mistake too late. With no one at the wheel, the Crestliner's bow had continuously realigned itself with the direction of the powerful current-the megaplume's circular water flow. I'm driving in a big friggin' circle! He had doubled back on himself. Knowing he was still inside the shark-filled megaplume, Corky recalled Tolland's grim words. Enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes†¦ hammerheads can smell a droplet of blood a mile away. Corky looked at his bloody duct-taped leg and hands. The chopper would be on him soon. Ripping off his bloody clothing, Corky scrambled naked toward the stern. Knowing no sharks could possibly keep pace with the boat, he rinsed himself as best as he could in the powerful blast of the wake. A single droplet of blood†¦ As Corky stood up, fully exposed to the night, he knew there was only one thing left to do. He had learned once that animals marked their territory with urine because uric acid was the most potent-smelling fluid the human body made. More potent than blood, he hoped. Wishing he'd had a few more beers tonight, Corky heaved his injured leg up onto the gunwale and tried to urinate on the duct tape. Come on! He waited. Nothing like the pressure of having to piss all over yourself with a helicopter chasing you. Finally it came. Corky urinated all over the duct tape, soaking it fully. He used what little was left in his bladder to soak a rag, which he then swathed across his entire body. Very pleasant. In the dark sky overhead, a red laser beam appeared, slanting toward him like the shimmering blade of an enormous guillotine. The chopper appeared from an oblique angle, the pilot apparently confused that Corky had looped back toward the Goya. Quickly donning a high-float life vest, Corky moved to the rear of the speeding craft. On the boat's bloodstained floor, only five feet from where Corky was standing, a glowing red dot appeared. It was time. Onboard the Goya, Michael Tolland did not see his Crestliner Phantom 2100 erupt in flames and tumble through the air in a cartwheel of fire and smoke.